M
M B Grade
A term applied to Open-Hearth steel wire in
the .45/.75 carbon range either hard drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of
M B and W M B types are the most widely used of all spring wires. Oil tempered
wire is more suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard
drawn wire, because of close control of tensile strength and superior
straightness. . NOTE M B, H B and extra H B designate Basic Open Hearth steels,
while W M B, W H B and extra W H B designate Acid Open Hearth Steels. The
chemical composition and the mechanical properties are the same for both basic
and acid steel.
M sections (Bantam Beams TM , Junior Beams TM)
Light footweight beams primarily used in the construction of pre-engineered
housing. These beams are produced in lighter footweights, usually six to 10
pounds per foot, than traditional structural products.
Machinability
The relative ease of machining a metal.
Machinability Index
A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Macroetch Test
Consists of immersing a carefully prepared
section of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to evaluate
the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
Macrograph
A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than ten times.
Macroscopic
Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about ten diameters).
Macrostructure
The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination.
Magnetic-Particle
Inspection
A nondestructive method of inspection for
determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic
materials. Finely divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part,
are attracted to and outline the pattern of any magnetic-leakage fields created
by discontinuities.
Magnetite
The oxide or iron of intermediate valence,
which has a composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe3O4.
Malleability
The property that determines the ease of
deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more
malleable metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more easily than
others.
Malleabilizing
A process of annealing white cast iron in
such a way that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic
or free carbon or, in some instances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
Manganese
(Chemical symbol Mn.) Element No. 25 of the
periodic system; atomic weight 54.93. Lustrous, reddish-white metal of hard
brittle and, therefore, non-malleable character. The metal is used in large
quantities in the form of Spiegel and Ferromanganese for steel manufacture as
well as in manganese and many copper-base alloys. Its principal function is as
an alloy in steel making: (1) It is ferrite-strengthening and carbide forming
element. It increases hardenability inexpensively, with a tendency toward
embrittlement when too high carbon and too high manganese accompany each other.
(2) It counteracts brittleness from sulfur.
Magnesium
(Chemical symbol Mg.) - Element No. 12 of the periodic system; atomic weight 24.305. Specific gravity 1.77 with a melting point of approximately 1160°F. A silver-white light malleable, ductile metallic element that occurs abundantly in nature. The metal is used in metallurgical and chemical processes; in photography, in signaling, and in the manufacture of pyrotechnics because of the intense white light it produces on burning.
Man-Hours Per Ton
This is a measure of labor efficiency the ratio of total hours worked by steel
employees to the tons shipped for a given period of time. Changes in the
inventory level and work that is contracted out will affect the reported
measurement.
Manual Welding
Welding where in the entire welding operation
is performed and controlled by hand.
Martempering
(1) A hardening procedure in which an
austenitized ferrous material is quenched into an appropriate medium at a
temperature just above the Martensite temperature of the material, held in the medium
until the temperature is uniform through-out -but not long enough for bainite to
form - and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by
tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the
controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is
frequently called marquenching.
Martensite
A metalstable transition phase with
a body-centered-tetragonal crystal structure formed by diffusionless
transformation of austenite generally during cooling between the Ms and Mf
temperatures.
A distinctive needle like structure as a transition stage in the transformation of austenite. It is the
hardest constituent of steel of eutectoid composition. It is produced by rapid
cooling from quenching temperature and is the chief constituent of hardened
carbon tool steels. Martensite is magnetic.
Martensite Range
The interval between the Ms and Mf
temperatures.
Martensitic
Small category of stainless steel characterized by the use of heat treatment for
hardening and strengthening. Martensitic stainless steels are plain chromium
steels with no significant nickel content. They are utilized in equipment for
the chemical and oil industries and in surgical instruments. The most popular
martensitic stainless steel is type 410 (a grade appropriate for non-severe
corrosion environments requiring high strength).
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Has a body centered tetragonal (BCT) structure. These alloys are chromium stainless steels with medium to high carbon levels. They work harden slowly in the annealed (soft) condition but can be heat-treated to very high tensile strengths.
MASP
Monthly average settlement price. The average of the daily official settlement prices for the month.
Metalloid
(a) Element intermediate in luster and
conductivity between the true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron,
tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently
one allotropic modification of an element will be non-metallic, another
metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn.
(b) In
steel metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it
covers elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus,
silicon and sulfur.
Matrix
The principal phase or aggregate in which
another constituent is embedded.
Matt or Matte Finish
(Steel) Not as smooth as normal mill finish.
Produce by etched or mechanically roughened finishing rolls.
Mechanical Polishing
A method of producing a specularly reflecting surface by use of abrasives.
Mechanical Properties
Those properties of a material that reveal
the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the
relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity,
tensile strength and fatigue limit. These properties have often been designated
as physical properties, but the term mechanical properties is much to be
preferred. The mechanical properties of steel are dependent on its
microstructure.
Mechanical Spring
Any spring produced by cold forming from any
material with or without subsequent heat treatment.
Mechanical tubing
Welded or seamless tubing produced in a large number of shapes to closer
tolerances than other pipe.
Mechanical Twin
A twin formed in a metal during plastic
deformation by simple shear of the structure.
Mechanical Working
Plastic deformation or other physical change
to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing., etc. to change its
shape, properties or structure.
Medium-Carbon Steel
Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less
than 1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes.
Matalloid
- Element intermediate in luster and conductivity between the true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non-metallic, another metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn.
- In steel metallurgy, metalloid in has a specialized, even of erroneous, meaning; is covers elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.
Melting Point
The temperature at which a pure metal,
compound or eutectic changes form solid to liquid; the temperature at which the
liquid and the solid are in equilibrium.
Melting Range
The range of temperature in which an alloy
melt; that is the range between solids and liquids temperatures.
Merchant Bar
A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of rounds, squares, flats,
strips, angles, and channels, which fabricators, steel service centers and
manufacturers cut, bend and shape into products. Merchant products require more
specialized processing than reinforcing bar.
Metal
An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that
is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector
or light. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than
other substances.
Metal-arc cutting
Thermal cutting by melting using the heat of an arc between a metal electrode
and the metal to be cut.
Metal-arc welding
Arc welding using a consumable electrode.
Metal Spraying
A process for applying a coating of metal to
an object. The metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an oxyhydrogen
or oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is projected at high speed by
gas pressure against the object being coated.
Metallography
The science concerning the constituents and
structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope.
Metallograph
An optical instrument designed for both
visual observation and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials
at magnifications ranging from about 25 to about 1500 diameters.
Metal transfer
The transfer of metal across the arc from a consumable electrode to the molten
pool.
Metastable
Possessing a state of pseudo-equilibrium that
has a free energy higher than that of the true equilibrium state but from which
a system does not change spontaneously.
Mf Temperature
The temperature at which martensitic
transformation is essentially complete during cooling after austenitization.
Mil
A term used to indicate the thickness
of the paint film. A dry film thickness of 0.001", i.e., the standard dry film
thickness after curing for several common paints, is one (1) mil.
Microbands (deformation)
Thin sheet like volumes of constant thickness
in which cooperative slip occurs on a fone scale. They are an instability which
carry exclusively the deformation at medium strains when normal homogeneous slip
is precluded. The sheets are aligned at +/- 55(degrees) to the compression
direction and are confined to individual grains, which usually contain two sets
of bands. Compare shear bands.
Microcrack
A crack of microscopic size.
Micrograph
A graphic reproduction of the prepared
surface of a specimen at a magnification greater than ten diameters. When
photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomicrograph (not a
microphotograph).
Microstructure
The structure of a prepared surface of a
metal as revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters.
MIG - welding
Inert-gas welding using a consumable electrode (inert-gas metal-arc welding)
Mild Steel
Carbon steel containing a maximum of about
0.25% C.
Mill Edge
The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as
rolled state. Unsheared.
Mill Finish
A surface finish produced on sheet and plate.
Characteristic of the ground finish used on the rolls in fabrication.
Mini-Mills
Normally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to produce commodity
products. Although the mini-mills are subject to the same steel processing
requirements after the caster as the integrated steel companies, they differ
greatly in regard to their minimum efficient size, labor relations, product
markets, and management style.
Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus)
A measure of the rigidity of metal. Ratio of
stress, within proportional limit, to corresponding strain. Specifically, the
modulus obtained in tension or compression is Young's modulus, stretch modulus
or modulus of extensibility; the modulus obtained in torsion or shear is modulus
of rigidity, shear modulus or modulus of torsion; the modulus covering the ratio
of the mean normal stress to the change in volume per unit volume is the bulk
modulus. The tangent modulus and secant modulus are not restricted within the
proportional limit; the former is the slope of the stress-strain curve at a
specified point; the latter is the slope of a line from the origin to a
specified point on the stress-strain curve. Also called elastic modulus and
coefficient of elasticity.
Modulus of Elasticity
(tension)
Force which would be required to stretch a
substance to double its normal length, on the assumption that it would remain
perfectly elastic, i.e., obey Hooke's Law throughout the twist. The ratio of
stress to strain within the perfectly elastic range.
Modulus of Rigidity
Of a material suffering shear, the ratio of the intensity of the shear stress across the section to the shear strain, i.e., to the angle of distortion in radians; expressed on pounds or tons per square inch.
Mold
A form of cavity into which molten metal is
poured to produce a desired shape.
Molybdenum (Mo)
(Chemical symbol Mo) Element No. 42 of the
periodic system; atomic weight 95.95. Hard, tough metal of grayish-white color,
becoming very ductile and malleable when properly treated at high temperatures;
melting point 4748 (degrees) F.; boiling point about 6600 (degrees) F.; specific
gravity 10.2 . Pure molybdenum can best be obtained as a black powder, by
reduction of molybdenum trioxide or ammonium molybdate with hydrogen. From this
powder, ductile sheet and wire are made by powder metallurgy techniques; these
are used in radio and related work. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel
making: (1) Raises grain-coarsening temperature of austenite. (2) Deepens
hardening. (3) Counteracts tendency toward temper brittleness. (4) Raises hot and
creep strength, red hardness. (5) Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless
steel. (6) Forms abrasion-resisting particles.
Ms Temperature
The temperature at which a martensitic
transformation starts during cooling after austenitization.
Multi-stage regulator
A gas regulator in which the gas pressure is reduced to the working pressure in
more than one stage.
Muntz Metal (A refractory
Alloy)
Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc.
Stronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-worked (rolled, stamped,
or extruded) products. High strength brasses are developed from this by adding
other elements.
Music Wire
A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other material available. The high toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting. Such wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness.
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